Gas chromatography operates on the principle of separating sample components based on their interactions with the stationary and mobile phases. The sample is introduced into a column containing a stationary phase on a solid support material. As the sample travels through the column, its components interact differently with the stationary phase, leading to their separation. This technique is particularly effective for analyzing volatile compounds with exceptional sensitivity and resolution. Common applications include drug analysis, environmental monitoring, food and beverage analysis, and forensic investigations.